Parainfluenza 1/2/3 IgM ELISA
The IMMUNOLAB Parainfluenza 1/2/3 IgM antibody ELISA kit has been designed for the detection and the quantitative determination of specific IgM antibodies against Parainfluenza 1/2/3 in serum and plasma. Further applications in other body fluids are possible and can be requested from the Technical Service of IMMUNOLAB.
The infection with parainfluenza viruses is air-borne from man-to-man. Various species of animals may serve as virus reservoir. Parainfluenza viruses are endemically spread worldwide. The seroprevalence of parainfluenza in infants in their first year of life is 50%. Typical for parainfluenza viruses are frequent reinfections, this applies particularly to parainfluenza 3 viruses. Incubation time is 2-6 days. The parainfluenza viruses are a subgroup of the paramyxoviruses. They are of the same size of approximately 150 – 300 nm. They are ether-sensitive, agglutinate human or chicken erythrocytes and have a receptor-destructive enzyme, as known from influenza viruses. They can be cultivated best in primary monkey cell cultures or in human epithel cell cultures, however, less successful in embryonized chicken eggs. lt is differentiated between parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and 4. Together with the respiratory syncytial viruses (RS viruses), the pathogens belong to the major viral pathogens of diseases of the respiratory tract, accompanied by severe clinical symptoms. In adults, parainfluenza virus causes a feverish rhinitis and laryngitis. First signs are sudden headaches, pain in muscles and joints, followed by fever of 38°-39°C. If the lower respiratory tract is involved, additionally trachyphonea and dry cough develops as a sign of tracheobronchitis. Parainfluenza 1 causes severe pneumonias in newborns, manifested by high fever, cyanosis, dyspnoea and bloody purulent sputum. Sometimes. meningitis symptoms occur at the same time. Parainfluenza 2 very often causes an acute laryngotracheobronchitis with pseudocroup in infants and children. First signs of the infection are catarrhal symptoms, followed by trachyphoena, dry barking cough and inspiratory stridor. Parainfluenza 3 viruses are considered the major pathogens of pneumonia and bronchiolitis. While types 1, 2 and 3 are distributed worldwide, parainfluenza type 4 appears only in the USA. Infections 1 and 3 occur all the year, while parainfluenza 2 and 4 viruses appear only sporadically. Laboratory diagnosis of parainfluenza viruses is done with haemagglutination inhibiting test (HIT) complement binding reaction (CF) and neutralisation test (NT). Newer methods are IFA and ELISA, which allow to identify IgG and IgA antibodies in the patient serum. In differential diagnosis, tests for other paramyxoviruses like mumps, shipping fever viruses and simianvirus type 5 have to be performed due to possible cross-reactions.
The IMMUNOLAB Parainfluenza 1/2/3 IgM antibody test kit is based on the principle of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Parainfluenza 1/2/3 antigen is bound on the surface of the microtiter strips. Diluted patient serum or ready-to-use standards are pipetted into the wells of the microtiter plate. A binding between the IgM antibodies of the serum and the immobilized Parainfluenza 1/2/3 antigen takes place. After a one hour incubation at room temperature, the plate is rinsed with diluted wash solution, in order to remove unbound material. Then ready-to-use anti-human-IgM peroxidase conjugate is added and incubated for 30 minutes. After a further washing step, the substrate (TMB) solution is pipetted and incubated for 20 minutes, inducing the development of a blue dye in the wells. The color development is terminated by the addition of a stop solution, which changes the color from blue to yellow. The resulting dye is measured spectrophotometrically at the wavelength of 450 nm. The concentration of IgM antibodies is directly proportional to the intensity of the color.
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